Solar technologies capture this radiation and turn it into useful forms of energy. There are two main types of solar energy technologies—photovoltaics PV and concentrating solar-thermal power CSP. You're likely most familiar with PV, which is utilized in solar panels. When the sun shines onto a solar panel, energy from the sunlight is absorbed by the PV cells in the panel. This energy creates electrical charges that move in response to an internal electrical field in the cell, causing electricity to flow.
Concentrating solar-thermal power CSP systems use mirrors to reflect and concentrate sunlight onto receivers that collect solar energy and convert it to heat, which can then be used to produce electricity or stored for later use. It is used primarily in very large power plants. These solar energy systems must be integrated into homes, businesses, and existing electrical grids with varying mixtures of traditional and other renewable energy sources. This translation of aerodynamic force to rotation of a generator creates electricity.
Most commonly, they have three blades and operate "upwind," with the turbine pivoting at the top of the tower so the blades face into the wind. Vertical-axis wind turbines come in several varieties, including the eggbeater-style Darrieus model, named after its French inventor.
Wind turbines can be built on land or offshore in large bodies of water like oceans and lakes. The U. Department of Energy is currently funding projects to facilitate offshore wind deployment in U. Modern wind turbines can be categorized by where they are installed and how they are connected to the grid:.
Larger wind turbines are more cost effective and are grouped together into wind plants, which provide bulk power to the electrical grid. They do not have the same transportation challenges of land-based wind installations, as the large components can be transported on ships instead of on roads.
When wind turbines of any size are installed on the "customer" side of the electric meter, or are installed at or near the place where the energy they produce will be used, they're called "distributed wind. Many turbines used in distributed applications are small wind turbines. Single small wind turbines—below kilowatts—are typically used for residential, agricultural, and small commercial and industrial applications. Small turbines can be used in hybrid energy systems with other distributed energy resources, such as microgrids powered by diesel generators, batteries, and photovoltaics.
These systems are called hybrid wind systems and are typically used in remote, off-grid locations where a connection to the utility grid is not available and are becoming more common in grid-connected applications for resiliency. Learn more about distributed wind from the Distributed Wind Animation or read about what the Wind Energy Technologies Office is doing to support the deployment of distributed wind systems for homes, businesses, farms, and community wind projects. Unfortunately, the exact causes of some kidney diseases are still unknown, and specific treatments are not yet available for them.
Sometimes, chronic kidney disease may progress to kidney failure, requiring dialysis or kidney transplantation. Treating high blood pressure with special medications called angiotensin converting enzyme ACE inhibitors often helps to slow the progression of chronic kidney disease.
A great deal of research is being done to find more effective treatment for all conditions that can cause chronic kidney disease. Kidney failure may be treated with hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis or kidney transplantation. Treatment with hemodialysis the artificial kidney may be performed at a dialysis unit or at home. Hemodialysis treatments are usually performed three times a week.
Peritoneal dialysis is generally done daily at home. A kidney specialist can explain the different approaches and help individual patients make the best treatment choices for themselves and their families. Kidney transplants have high success rates. The kidney may come from someone who died or from a living donor who may be a relative, friend or possibly a stranger, who donates a kidney to anyone in need of a transplant.
Kidney disease usually affects both kidneys. If the kidneys' ability to filter the blood is seriously damaged by disease, wastes and excess fluid may build up in the body. Although many forms of kidney disease do not produce symptoms until late in the course of the disease, there are six warning signs of kidney disease:. Skip to main content. How Your Kidneys Work. Why Are the Kidneys So Important?
The kidneys are powerful chemical factories that perform the following functions: remove waste products from the body remove drugs from the body balance the body's fluids release hormones that regulate blood pressure produce an active form of vitamin D that promotes strong, healthy bones control the production of red blood cells Below you will find more information about the kidneys and the vital role they play in keeping your body functioning.
Where are the kidneys and how do they function? Kidney disease causes Kidney disease diagnosis Kidney disease treatment Kidney failure treatment What are the warning signs of kidney disease?
How does blood flow through my kidneys? Clinical Trials The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs, each about the size of a fist. You have two kidneys that filter your blood, removing wastes and extra water to make urine. Why are the kidneys important? Without this balance, nerves, muscles, and other tissues in your body may not work normally. Your kidneys also make hormones that help control your blood pressure make red blood cells keep your bones strong and healthy Watch a video about what the kidneys do.
Each nephron has a glomerulus to filter your blood and a tubule that returns needed substances to your blood and pulls out additional wastes. Wastes and extra water become urine. The glomerulus filters your blood As blood flows into each nephron, it enters a cluster of tiny blood vessels—the glomerulus.
The tubule returns needed substances to your blood and removes wastes A blood vessel runs alongside the tubule. Blood flows into your kidneys through the renal artery and exits through the renal vein.
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