Monet was interested in subtle changes in the atmosphere. While the term Impressionist covers much of the art of this time, there were smaller movements within it, such as Pointillism, Art Nouveau and Fauvism. Pointilism was developed from Impressionism and involved the use of many small dots of colour to give a painting a greater sense of vibrancy when seen from a distance.
The word Divisionism describes the theory they followed while the actual process was known as pointillism. The effects of this technique, if used well, were often far more striking than the conventional approach of mixing colours together.
Impressionism: Art, Leisure, and Parisian Society. New Haven: Yale University Press, Moffett, Charles S.
The New Painting: Impressionism — Nochlin, Linda, ed. Impressionism and Post-Impressionism, — Sources and Documents. Englewood Cliffs, N. Rewald, John. The History of Impressionism. New York: Museum of Modern Art, Tinterow, Gary, and Henri Loyrette. Origins of Impressionism. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, See on MetPublications.
Visiting The Met? Garden at Sainte-Adresse Claude Monet. Boating Edouard Manet. The Dance Class Edgar Degas. Impressionism is perhaps the most important movement in the whole of modern painting. At some point in the s, a group of young artists decided to paint, very simply, what they saw, thought, and felt. This often meant using much lighter and looser brushwork than painters had up until that point, and painting out of doors, en plein air.
The Impressionists also rejected official exhibitions and painting competitions set up by the French government, instead organizing their own group exhibitions, which the public were initially very hostile to. All of these moves predicted the emergence of modern art , and the whole associated philosophy of the avant-garde. It caused outrage with its frank depiction of nudity in a contemporary setting and was scorned by the high-minded salon juries and middle-class audiences of the era.
But it also earned Manet fame and patronage. The painting depicts two fully clothed men picnicking with a nude woman, while another scantily clad woman bathes in the background. By removing the female nude from the legitimizing contexts of mythology and orientalism, and in making his female subject confront the viewer assertively with her gaze, Manet hit a nerve in the bourgeois culture of s Paris, and set the wheels of the avant-garde in motion.
In terms of age, he found himself sandwiched between the generation of the great Realists , such as Gustave Courbet , and the Impressionists, most of whom were born in the s. The great irony of Manet's reputation as a controversialist is that, throughout his life, he both sought and achieved mainstream success, generally having more work displayed at the official Paris Salons than his younger Impressionist peers. Similarly, although he was friendly with the Impressionists and exhibited with them - and is now often presented as one of them - his style was in some ways very different to theirs.
The Impressionists were inspired by Manet's example to follow their own creative paths, and while their subject-matter was generally less outrageous than Manet's nude picnic, his pioneering work cleared the space necessary for them to work in the way they wanted to. Monet's Impressionism, Sunrise is sometimes cited as the work that gave birth to the Impressionist movement, though by the time it was painted, Monet was in fact one of a number of artists already working in the new style.
Certainly, however, it was the critic Louis Leroy's derogatory comments on the work and its title, in a satirical review of the First Impressionist Exhibition of , that gave rise to the term "Impressionism".
Leroy's review used the term as a comic insult, but the new school of painters quickly adopted it in a spirit of pride and defiance. Claude Monet was born into a middle-class merchant family in Paris. His parents were hardworking and financially secure but by no means rich or aristocratic, and throughout his early career Monet would struggle to survive as a painter. When he was very young his family moved from Paris to Le Havre, and though Monet returned to Paris in the early s to train as an artist, it was during a visit to his family in Le Havre in that he created this and a number of other similar works.
What is striking about Impression, Sunrise is the continuity of the color palette between sea, land and sky. All are bathed in the gentle blues, oranges, and greens of sunrise. The subject of the painting is not the city it depicts nor the anonymous boatmen setting out across the water, but the enveloping warmth and color of sunlight itself, or rather the "impression" it makes on the senses at a certain moment in time.
This painting of light and the time-specific effects of light was the hallmark of the new style. Impression, Sunrise was one of a number of sketches of the same scene that Monet created in This serial approach to subject-matter was typical for the painter. In other cases, Monet would create large cycles of work depicting the same scene at different times of day, or during different seasons, emphasizing the way in which light and atmosphere shifted in time-specific ways.
Alfred Sisley's beautiful pastoral scene showcases a gentle color-palette, evocation of tranquility and peace, and emphasis on the overall quality and atmosphere of a landscape over and above specific details and human forms. Monet, Cliff Walk at Pourville. Monet, Rouen Cathedral Series. How to Recognize Renoir: The Swing. Renoir, The Grands Boulevards. Renoir, Moulin de la Galette. Renoir, Luncheon of the Boating Party.
Renoir, The Large Bathers. Practice: Impressionism.
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