Participants in Group C received mg effervescent Mg tablet from Vitafit Company once daily for 1 month, and also they consumed one multimineral tablet from Alhavi Company, which contains mg Mg, once a day until the end of pregnancy. Intrauterine growth retardation, preterm labor, maternal body mass index, neonatal weight, pregnancy-induced hypertension, preeclampsia, gestational diabetes mellitus, cramps of the leg Apgar score were compared between three groups.
In all pregnancy outcomes, Group C that received effervescent Mg tablet plus multimineral showed a better result than other groups, and frequency of complications of pregnancy was fewer than the other two groups and showed a significant difference. Mg supplement during pregnancy likely decrease probability occurrence of many complications of pregnancy.
Magnesium Mg is one of the essential minerals needed by humans in substantial large amounts. Mg work with many enzymes to regulate body temperature, synthesis nucleic acids, and proteins as well as maintaining electrical potentials in nerves and muscle membranes. Mg also has an important role in modulating vasomotor tone and cardiac excitability. Mg is used widely in many foods; dairy products, breads and cereals, legumes, vegetables, and meats are all good sources.
However, processing of the above foods can lead to high depletion of Mg. Common causes of Mg deficiency include inadequate dietary intake or gastrointestinal absorption, increased losses through the gastrointestinal or renal systems, and increased the requirement for Mg, such as in pregnancy. There are many important complications during pregnancy gestational diabetes mellitus [GDM], pregnancy-induced hypertension [HTN], leg cramps, and preeclampsia , and a lot of them will occur the first time in pregnancy.
Many of these complications are due to pregnancy or risk of occurrence that will increase during pregnancy so there are many diagnosis criteria such as Apgar score, birth weight, intrauterine growth retardation [IUGR], and preterm birth.
A study measuring serum Mg during low-risk pregnancies reported that both ionized and total serum Mg were significantly reduced after the 18 th week of gestation compared to measurements before this time. Dietary intake studies during pregnancy consistently demonstrate that many women, especially those from disadvantaged backgrounds, have intakes of Mg below the recommended levels.
Although present in grains, green vegetables, and seeds, insufficient Mg intake is common, especially in low-income regions. Adolescents and women are more prone to Mg deficiency. More recent data suggest that maternal Mg supplementation in pregnancy may have other perinatal benefits. Interestingly, the risk of third trimester stillbirth was lower in Mg group.
In a retrospective study of medical records reported that Mg supplementation during pregnancy was associated with a reduced risk of fetal growth retardation and preeclampsia. In addition, there are many evidence that Mg supplementation during pregnancy may lead to prevent some pregnancy complications and improved many health indicators and pregnancy outcomes;[ 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ] but as stated by others, there is not enough high-quality evidence to show that Mg supplementation during pregnancy is beneficial.
Thus, according to the above mentioned, Mg supplementation during pregnancy may be able to reduce growth restriction of the fetus and preeclampsia high blood pressure and protein in the urine during pregnancy and increase birth weight. This study aimed to assess the effects of Mg supplementation on pregnancy outcome by randomized controlled trial with this dosage of Mg, In the previous studies, they use different dosage.
To continue the study, pregnant women were recruited into three randomized groups. Inclusion criteria were: have tendency to involve in this study and sign the agreement; single pregnancy; gestational age 12—14 weeks; lack of acute renal disease; hypomagnesemia in interventional group and normal Mg; lack of history chronic HTN; lack of history of overt diabetes; lack of history of severe anemia; lack of history of diagnostic heart disease; lack of anomaly in this pregnancy and previous ones; lack of use cigarette and alcohol; lack of molar pregnancy; lack of acute pancreatitis; multiparty.
Exclusion criteria were: withdrawal the study; inappropriate use of Mg; intractable vomiting. Participants selected from the population that referred to hospital clinics. Individuals who fulfill the inclusion criteria invited to participate in this study.
After providing detailed information, informed consent was signed by the participant, and oral assent from participants was obtained. Frequency tables were generated for relevant variables. Proportions were compared with the Pearson Chi-square test. A low Apgar score at 1 or 5 min was defined as a score of 7 or less. The baseline characteristics of multiparous pregnant women in three groups were shown in Table 1.
Table 2 shows the standard weight gain according to BMI. For each group, we calculated difference weight in early of pregnancy and weight in delivery. Then, for all category of BMI in three groups, calculate the excess weight gain. Chi-square test did not show a significance difference between three groups, although the percentage of excess weight gain had different in three groups. The Figure 1 shown the excess weight gain in three groups of the study.
Type of delivery and sex of neonate have been shown in Table 3. Table 4 shows the frequency of pregnancy outcomes between groups. As shown in Table 4 , in all pregnancy outcome, Group C that received effervescent Mg tablet plus multimineral tablet showed a better result than other groups and frequency of pregnancy complications as said above was fewer than the other two groups and demonstrated a significant difference.
The present study showed the preventive effect of oral Mg tablet in the many of pregnancies with difficulty. Moreover, because this study set a normal group without hypo Mg, we found that hypo Mg may be a risk factor for some pregnancies with complications.
Many studies have examined the therapeutic or preventive effect of Mg in pregnancy outcomes, and some of them supported our findings. Czeizel et al. Likewise, Roman et al. Today, the importance of Mg during pregnancy has been more understanding. Various studies focus on the effect of Mg on prevention or treatment of numerous pregnancy complications or pathological condition in pregnancy period.
In accordance with our results, Shaikh et al. Mg is pivotal element for preventing some diseases during whole pregnancy. Mg has been stablished to be used for avoiding some unwanted condition.
It could be used by food intake among pregnant women. Numerous studies assessed the effect of Mg supplement in preventing of preeclampsia in pregnant women. Bullarbo et al. In addition, in a study by Dawson, the result showed that preeclampsia women had lower range of Mg compared to the nonpreeclampsia women. Similar to our findings, in a double-blind, randomized controlled study which was done on pregnant women, using of Mg aspartate was beneficial for preventing of preterm light weight children and also preterm deliveries.
Mg has a pivotal role in various body homeostasis, especially pregnancy period. Given that vitamin A is fat soluble , your body stores excess amounts in the liver. This accumulation can have toxic effects on the body and lead to liver damage. It can even cause birth defects. For example, excessive amounts of vitamin A during pregnancy has been shown to cause congenital birth abnormalities.
Between prenatal vitamins and foods, you should be able to get enough vitamin A, and additional supplementation outside of your prenatal vitamins is not advised. This fat-soluble vitamin plays many important roles in the body and is involved in gene expression and immune function.
Extra supplementation with vitamin E has not been shown to improve outcomes for either mothers or babies and may instead increase the risk of abdominal pain and premature rupture of the amniotic sack. A member of the buttercup family, black cohosh is a plant used for a variety of purposes, including controlling hot flashes and menstrual cramps.
Goldenseal contains a substance called berberine , which has been shown to worsen jaundice in infants. It can lead to a condition called kernicterus, a rare type of brain damage that can be fatal. Dong quai is a root that has been used for over 1, years and is popular in traditional Chinese medicine.
You should avoid dong quai, as it may stimulate uterine contractions, raising the risk of miscarriage. This herb should never be used during pregnancy, as it has been associated with dangerous side effects like high blood pressure, heart attacks, and seizures.
Pregnancy is a time of growth and development, making health and nutrition a top priority. Taking the best care of that little one is the goal. While some supplements can be helpful during pregnancy, many can cause dangerous side effects in both you and your baby. Importantly, while supplementing with certain vitamins and minerals may help fill nutritional gaps, supplements are not meant to replace a healthy eating plan and lifestyle.
Nourishing your body with nutrient-dense foods , as well as getting enough exercise and sleep and minimizing stress, is the best way to ensure a healthy pregnancy for you and your baby. Although supplements can be necessary and helpful in certain circumstances, always check with your doctor regarding doses, safety, and potential risks and benefits.
Learn more about when to use them…. Normally, you don't need extra vitamin A while breastfeeding, though you'll want to continue taking your prenatal vitamin. When breastfeeding, vitamins are necessary. But if you're trying to boost your immunity, can you take supplements in addition to your multivitamin? Health Conditions Discover Plan Connect. Why take supplements during pregnancy?
Supplements considered safe during pregnancy. Supplements to avoid during pregnancy. The bottom line. Parenthood Pregnancy Pregnancy Health Cat 1 prepostnatalvitamins.
Read this next. Medically reviewed by Carolyn Kay, M. Medically reviewed by Debra Rose Wilson, Ph. Medically reviewed by Fernando Mariz, MD.
The risk of consuming too much from food alone is very small, but taking a supplement without first speaking to your doctor raises your risk. Magnesium supplement come in many forms and they are not interchangeable. Magnesium sulfate, or Epsom salt, is considered very safe during all trimesters, although newborns might show symptoms of toxicity if the mother was given magnesium sulfate before the birth.
Magnesium carbonate is used only when the benefit outweighs the risk because it has not been studied with regard to fetal health.
Magnesium citrate is prescribed only when absolutely necessary because quality studies in pregnant women don't exist and there always is a potential for harm. In some cases though, the benefit is greater than the risk, in which case your doctor will provide explicit instructions for use. The National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements recommends capping magnesium supplement doses at milligrams per day for pregnant women.
This is considered the largest amount that can be safely tolerated, and the assumption is that any difference between the cap and your daily needs will be met through food. A lower dose would be better and would be sufficient if you follow a balanced diet during your pregnancy -- a single ounce of dry roasted almonds provides 80 milligrams of magnesium, and 3 ounces of halibut provides 90, so it's not difficult to meet your needs with minimal supplementation.
The effects of magnesium sulfate supplementation on newborns are not considered serious -- the most major effects are treated with three to five days of intravenous calcium.
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